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 In-Field Test Methods and Reference Standard for High Efficiency Particulate Air Filtration (PHEAF) Equipment
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| REFERENCE STANDARDS FOR THE EVALUATION OF
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF HEPA FILTERS
A. German Gas Masks 1
B. U.S. Nuclear Weapons Manufacturing 2
C. U.S. Nuclear Energy Reactors and the ?Space Race? 2
D. PHEAF Equipment 3
CHAPTER 2. THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE DOP AEROSOL TEST METHOD
A. Tyndall Scattering 4
B. Counting Particles with Light Microscopy 4
C. The Methylene Blue Stain-Intensity Procedure 5
D. Initial Theories on the ?Most Penetrating Particle Size? 5
E. LaMer and Sinclair?s Development of the DOP Aerosol Test Method 6
F. U.S. Mil Standard 282 7
G. Test Methods for the Nuclear Weapons and Power Industries 7
H. Test Methods for the Cleanroom Industries 8
CHAPTER 3. THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LASER PARTICLE COUNTER TEST METHOD
A. The Integrating Nephelometer 11
B. Development of Low-Cost, Small Laser Particle Counters 11
C. Research in the Nuclear Weapons and Power Industries 12
CHAPTER 4. THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
CONDENSATION PARTICLE COUNTER TEST METHOD
A. What are Condensation Particle Counters? 15
B. The Development of Condensation Particle Counters 15
C. ULPA Filter Testing and Nanotechnology 16
D. ULPA Test Methods for the Nuclear Weapons and Power Industries 17
E. ULPA Test Methods for the Cleanroom Industries 17
CHAPTER 5. STANDARDS REQUIRING THE TESTING AND USE OF HEPA-FILTERED EQUIPMENT
INCLUDING PORTABLE AFDS AND VACUUM CLEANERS
A. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Requirements for Testing and
Certifying HEPA Air Filtration Systems 18
B. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Requirements for Testing and
Certifying HEPA Vacuum Cleaners and Portable Air-handling Equipment 20
C. Certification and Test Standards for HEPA-Filtered Commercial Vacuum
Cleaners by the Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology (IEST) 21
D. Certification and Test Standards for HEPA-Filtered Vacuum Cleaners in
the European Union (EU) 22
E. The National Air Filter Association (NAFA) Recommendation for Testing
HEPA Filters 22
F. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Asbestos Abatement
Specifications 23
G. Asbestos Abatement Specifications Used in Northern California 23
H. British Columbia, Canada - Occupational Health & Safety Regulation, Part 6 23
I. The Clean Trust (formerly the Institute for Inspection, Cleaning and
Restoration Certification) IICRC S520 Mold Remediation Standard 26
J. State Regulatory Requirements for the Monitoring of the Exhaust
Discharge of HEPA-Filtered Air Filtration Devices on K-12 School
Asbestos Abatement Projects 27
K. Regulatory Requirements for the Use of Certified HEPA Vacuum
Cleaners in the European Union (EU) 27
L. U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - 1990
Letter of Interpretation 28
CHAPTER 6. HOW HEPA / ULPA FILTERS WORK AND SMALL PARTICLE PHYSICS 30
A. The Initial Theory of 0.3 Micron Size Particles Being the Most Penetrating
Particle Size (MPPS) 30
B. Empirical Evidence that the Theory of 0.3 Micron Size Particles Being the
Most Penetrating Particle Size was Inaccurate 31
C. Small Particle Physics and Particle Filtering Principles 31
D. Respirable Particulates 34
E. Is Isokinetic Sampling an Issue? 36
F. Carbon Particles from Motor Brushes are Not the Source of Measured
Particles Exhausted from HEPA Filters 41
CHAPTER 7. PORTABLE HEPA-FILTERED EQUIPMENT TESTING AND EVALUATION CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
A. U.S. NIOSH Particulate Respirator Rating System 45
B. The European Union Filtering Face Piece Rating System 47
C. The European Union Portable HEPA Vacuum Cleaner Rating Standards 48
D. The Institute of Environmental Sciences and Technology HEPA Filter
Classes 49
E. The European Union HEPA Filter Classes EN 1822 (EN 779) 50
F. The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) 51
G. Summary of Filter Efficiency Standards for HEPA Filters 52
H. Summary of HEPA / ULPA Filter Efficiency Standards For Ultrafine / Nano-
particles 52
I. Recommended PHEAF Ranking Classes for In-Field Testing and
Evaluation of HEPA-Filtered Equipment 53
J. Recommended PHEAF Ranking Classes for In-Field Testing and
Evaluation of ULPA-Filtered Equipment 57
CHAPTER 8. WHY IT IS IMPORTANT TO TEST PHEAF EQUIPMENT 58
A. A Brief Summary of the Sources of Leakage Through a PHEAF Device 58
B. Research Showing Actual Particle Leakage from PHEAF Equipment 59
1. Testing by Delano Leonard, MS, CIH 59
2. Testing by Greg Weatherman, Aerobiological Solutions, Inc. 62
3. Testing by Walsh, Baxter and Brandys 62
C. Odor Problems from HEPA Filters Used for Mold Remediation and
Chemical Clean Ups 82
D. Proper Maintenance and Testing of PHEAF Equipment 83
1. Cleanroom Maintenance Guidelines for Fixed HEPA Systems 83
2. Maintenance Guidelines for PHEAF Equipment 84
3. Use of the Proper Replacement Filters 84
4. PHEAF Equipment Used for Microbial Remediation 85
5. PHEAF Equipment Used for Lead and Asbestos Abatement 85
E. Why Hasn?t Periodic Testing of Portable HEPA-Filtered Equipment
Been Required in the US? 86
1. Lack of Knowledge, Lack of Regulation or Lack of Enforcement? 86
2. US ?Consensus Standards? Verses Expert Standards in the EU and
Other Countries 87
CHAPTER 9. REVIEW OF THREE METHODS FOR IN-FIELD TESTING OF HEPA/ULPA-FILTERED
EQUIPMENT USING LIGHT-SENSING TECHNOLOGY
A. The Photometry Aerosol Challenge Method (Formerly the DOP Test Method) 90
1. The Use of DOP Aerosol as a Challenge Agent 90
2. The Use of Non-DOP Aerosol Challenge Agents 91
3. The Laskin Nozzle 92
4. Complications in Aerosol Testing of HEPA Filters 93
5. Recommended In-Field Aerosol Method for Testing and Evaluation
of PHEAF Equipment (Total Penetration Testing) 97
6. Aerosol Testing of HEPA Vacuum Cleaners 98
7. Simplified DOE Procedure 99
8. PHEAF? Device Aerosol Testing Data Collection Form 101
B. The Laser Particle Counter Method 104
1. How Laser Particle Counters Work 104
2. Recommended LPC Settings 107
3. Particle Counting Efficiency 110
4. Minimum Sampling Time and Number of Samples 110
5. Statistical Analysis of Particle Counter Data 112
6. Calibration of Laser Particle Counters 113
7. Comparison of Laser Particle Counters 114
8. Recommended Method for In-Field Testing and Evaluation of
PHEAF Equipment Using a Laser Particle Counter 116
9. PHEAF Device Laser Particle Counter In-Field Test Method Data 118
Collection Form
10. Particle Counting Size Range Options 118
11. Potential Interferences and Bias in the LPC Test Method 118
C. The Condensation Particle Counter Method 122
1. How Condensation Particle Counters Work 122
2. Background ?Natural? Levels of Ultrafine Particles 123
3. The One Second or So Counting Interval 123
4. Minimum Sampling Time and Number of Samples 123
5. Recommended In-Field Condensation Particle Counter Method for
Testing and Evaluation of Portable Ultrafine/Nanoparticle-Filtering
Equipment 123
6. PHEAF? Device Condensation Particle Counter Testing Data
Collection Form 124
D. Comparison of Laser Particle Counting to Light Scattering
Measurement Techniques for HEPA-Filtered Device Testing
and Evaluation 127
E. Is Laser Particle Counter Testing of a HEPA Filter Superior to the
Aerosol Testing Method? 129
CHAPTER 10. STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF IN-FIELD EFFECTIVENESS
TESTING DATA OF VARIOUS TYPES OF PHEAF EQUIPMENT
A. Large Size HEPA-Filtered Air Filtration Devices 132
B. Medium Size HEPA-Filtered Air Filtration Devices 133
C. Large HEPA Vacuums 133
D. Small HEPA Vacuums 134
E. Canister HEPA Vacuums 134
F. Backpack HEPA Vacuums 134
G. Glovebag HEPA Vacuum 135
H. Conclusion 136
Copyright © OEHCS 2011
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